<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article
PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20190208//EN"
       "JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.4" xml:lang="en">
 <front>
  <journal-meta>
   <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Proceedings of Petersburg Transport University</journal-id>
   <journal-title-group>
    <journal-title xml:lang="en">Proceedings of Petersburg Transport University</journal-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Известия Петербургского университета путей сообщения</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </journal-title-group>
   <issn publication-format="print">1815-588X</issn>
   <issn publication-format="online">2658-6851</issn>
  </journal-meta>
  <article-meta>
   <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">126816</article-id>
   <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.20295/1815-588X‑2026-2-277-287</article-id>
   <article-categories>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru">
     <subject>Проблематика транспортных систем</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en">
     <subject>PROBLEMATIC OF TRANSPORT SYSTEM</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group>
     <subject>Проблематика транспортных систем</subject>
    </subj-group>
   </article-categories>
   <title-group>
    <article-title xml:lang="en">Calculation of Parasitic Capacitances of an Asynchronous Traction Motor with Variably-Frequency Drives</article-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Расчет паразитных емкостей асинхронного тягового электродвигателя, управляемого преобразователем частоты</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </title-group>
   <contrib-group content-type="authors">
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Карманов</surname>
       <given-names>Александр Валерьевич</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Karmanov</surname>
       <given-names>Aleksandr Valer'evich</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <email>saxa.karmanov@yandex.ru</email>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/>
    </contrib>
   </contrib-group>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-1">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">ООО &quot;Уральские локомотивы&quot;</institution>
     <city>Санкт-Петербург</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Ural Locomotives</institution>
     <city>Saint Petersburg</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-2">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Петербургский государственный университет путей сообщения </institution>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Petersburg State Transport University</institution>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <pub-date publication-format="print" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-06-30T18:11:19+03:00">
    <day>30</day>
    <month>06</month>
    <year>2026</year>
   </pub-date>
   <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-06-30T18:11:19+03:00">
    <day>30</day>
    <month>06</month>
    <year>2026</year>
   </pub-date>
   <volume>23</volume>
   <issue>2</issue>
   <fpage>277</fpage>
   <lpage>287</lpage>
   <history>
    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-02-06T00:00:00+03:00">
     <day>06</day>
     <month>02</month>
     <year>2026</year>
    </date>
    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-04-14T00:00:00+03:00">
     <day>14</day>
     <month>04</month>
     <year>2026</year>
    </date>
   </history>
   <self-uri xlink:href="https://itt-pgups.ru/en/nauka/article/126816/view">https://itt-pgups.ru/en/nauka/article/126816/view</self-uri>
   <abstract xml:lang="ru">
    <p>Цель: теоретический расчет паразитных емкостей асинхронного электродвигателя, управляемого преобразователем частоты, для создания имитационной модели. Методы: применение законов электротехники для расчета емкости плоского и цилиндрического конденсаторов и конструктивных характеристик асинхронного электродвигателя к расчету идеальных эквивалентов паразитных емкостей асинхронного электродвигателя. Результаты: предложена эквивалентная емкостная схема асинхронного электродвигателя, выполнены выделение паразитных емкостей асинхронного электродвигателя, замена их на идеальные эквиваленты. Предложены методы расчета идеальных эквивалентов паразитных емкостей тягового асинхронного электродвигателя, а также упрощенный метод оценки емкости шарикового радиального подшипника на основе оценки контактной площади зоны Герца. Выполнено сравнение данных, полученных теоретическим путем, с данными, полученными в результате проведенных измерений, и данными, приведенными в различных источниках. Предложенные методы отличаются простотой расчетов и имеют удовлетворительную точность. Практическая значимость: полученные в результате теоретического расчета данные используются в эквивалентной схеме асинхронного электродвигателя при создании модели тягового привода в среде имитационного моделирования Simulink для оценки величины приложенного к подшипнику напряжения и протекающего через него тока, определения потенциального пути протекания высокочастотного тока через подшипники тягового асинхронного электродвигателя с целью разработки дальнейших мер по снижению их влияния и повышению надежности подшипникового узла тягового асинхронного электродвигателя.</p>
   </abstract>
   <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
    <p>Purpose: theoretical calculation of parasitic capacitances in an asynchronous motor with variably-frequency drives in order to create a simulation model. Methods: application of electrical engineering principles to calculate the capacitance of planar and cylindrical capacitors and the structural characteristics of the asynchronous motor for computing the ideal equivalent of the motor’s parasitic capacitances. Results: a parasitic-capacitance equivalent circuit of the induction motor is proposed, parasitic capacitances of the asynchronous motor are identified and replaced with ideal equivalent, methods for calculating the ideal equivalents of the parasitic capacitances of the traction asynchronous motor are proposed, and a simplified method for estimating the capacitance of a ball radial bearing based on the Hertzian contact area is presented. Comparisons are performed between data obtained theoretically, data obtained from measurement, and data from various sources. The purposed methods are simple to compute and provide satisfactory accuracy. Practical significance: theoretical calculation result are used in the motor’s equivalent circuit when building a traction drive model in the Simulink simulation environment to assess the magnitude of the voltage applied to the bearing and the current flowing through it, to determinate the potential path of high-frequency current through the bearings of a traction asynchronous motor, with the aim of developing further measures to reduce their influence and improve the reliability of the traction asynchronous motor bearing assembly.</p>
   </trans-abstract>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
    <kwd>асинхронный электродвигатель</kwd>
    <kwd>синфазное напряжение</kwd>
    <kwd>эквивалентная схема</kwd>
    <kwd>паразитная емкость</kwd>
    <kwd>подшипник</kwd>
    <kwd>подшипниковый ток</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
    <kwd>asynchronous motor</kwd>
    <kwd>common-mode voltage</kwd>
    <kwd>equivalent circuit</kwd>
    <kwd>parasitic capacitance</kwd>
    <kwd>bearing</kwd>
    <kwd>bearing current</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
  </article-meta>
 </front>
 <body>
  <p></p>
 </body>
 <back>
  <ref-list>
   <ref id="B1">
    <label>1.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Singh H., Sudhoff S. D. A Common-Mode Shorting Network to Reduce Common-Mode Excitation of Three- Phase Two-Level Electric Drives // IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy. 2023. Vol. 10. Pp. 14–24. URL: https://www.academia.edu/103826562/A_Common_ Mode_Shorting_Network_to_Reduce_Common_ Mode_Excitation_of_Three_Phase_Two_Level_ Electric_Drives (дата обращения: 12.12.2025).</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Singh H., Sudhoff S. D. A Common-Mode Shorting Network to Reduce Common-Mode Excitation of Three- Phase Two-Level Electric Drives // IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy. 2023. Vol. 10. Pp. 14–24. URL: https://www.academia.edu/103826562/A_Common_ Mode_Shorting_Network_to_Reduce_Common_ Mode_Excitation_of_Three_Phase_Two_Level_ Electric_Drives (data obrascheniya: 12.12.2025).</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B2">
    <label>2.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ГОСТ Р 55136-2017/IEC/TS60034-25:2007. Машины электрические вращающиеся. Часть 25. Руководство по конструкции и характеристикам машин переменного тока, специально предназначенных для питания от преобразователей // Электронный фонд правовых и нормативно-технических документов. URL: https://docs.cntd.ru/document/1200103686 (дата обращения: 12.12.2025).</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">GOST R 55136-2017/IEC/TS60034-25:2007. Mashiny elektricheskie vraschayuschiesya. Chast' 25. Rukovodstvo po konstrukcii i harakteristikam mashin peremennogo toka, special'no prednaznachennyh dlya pitaniya ot preobrazovateley // Elektronnyy fond pravovyh i normativno-tehnicheskih dokumentov. URL: https://docs.cntd.ru/document/1200103686 (data obrascheniya: 12.12.2025).</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B3">
    <label>3.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">An Impedance Source Multi-Level Three Phase Inverter with Common Mode Voltage Elimination and Dead Time Compensation / M. Mahmoudian [et al.] // Electronics. 2020. No. 9. Pp. 1639–1655. URL: https:// www.researchgate.net/publication/344582701_An_ Impedance_Source_Multi-Level_Three_Phase_Inverter_ with_Common_Mode_Voltage_Elimination_and_Dead_ Time_Compensation (дата обращения: 15.12.2025).</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">An Impedance Source Multi-Level Three Phase Inverter with Common Mode Voltage Elimination and Dead Time Compensation / M. Mahmoudian [et al.] // Electronics. 2020. No. 9. Pp. 1639–1655. URL: https:// www.researchgate.net/publication/344582701_An_ Impedance_Source_Multi-Level_Three_Phase_Inverter_ with_Common_Mode_Voltage_Elimination_and_Dead_ Time_Compensation (data obrascheniya: 15.12.2025).</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B4">
    <label>4.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Adabi J., Zare F. Analysis, Calculation and Reduction of Shaft Voltage in Induction Generators // Proceedings of the International Conference on Renewable Energy and Power Quality, 15–17 April. 2009. Valencia. URL: https://eprints.qut.edu.au/20191/1/20191.pdf (дата обращения: 15.12.2025).</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Adabi J., Zare F. Analysis, Calculation and Reduction of Shaft Voltage in Induction Generators // Proceedings of the International Conference on Renewable Energy and Power Quality, 15–17 April. 2009. Valencia. URL: https://eprints.qut.edu.au/20191/1/20191.pdf (data obrascheniya: 15.12.2025).</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B5">
    <label>5.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">A Review of Modeling and Mitigation Techniques for Bearing Currents in Electrical Machines with Variable-Frequency Drives / W. Zhu [et al.] // IEEE Access. 2022. Vol. 10. Pp. 125279–125297. URL: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9964144 (дата обращения: 20.12.2025).</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">A Review of Modeling and Mitigation Techniques for Bearing Currents in Electrical Machines with Variable-Frequency Drives / W. Zhu [et al.] // IEEE Access. 2022. Vol. 10. Pp. 125279–125297. URL: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9964144 (data obrascheniya: 20.12.2025).</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B6">
    <label>6.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Muetze A., Binder A. Calculation of Motor Capacitances for Prediction of the Voltage Across the Bearings in Machines of Inverter-Based Drive Systems // IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, May/June 2007. Vol. 43, no. 3. Pp. 665–672. URL: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4215013 (дата обращения: 25.12.2025).</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Muetze A., Binder A. Calculation of Motor Capacitances for Prediction of the Voltage Across the Bearings in Machines of Inverter-Based Drive Systems // IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, May/June 2007. Vol. 43, no. 3. Pp. 665–672. URL: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4215013 (data obrascheniya: 25.12.2025).</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B7">
    <label>7.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Normalization-Based Approach to Electric Motor BVR Related Capacitances Computation / J. Ahola [et al.] // 2018 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC). San Antonio. TX. USA. 2018. Pp. 2868–2874. URL: https://lutpub. lut.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/159886/ahola_et_al_ normalizaton-based_approach_final_draft.pdf (дата обращения: 25.12.2025).</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Normalization-Based Approach to Electric Motor BVR Related Capacitances Computation / J. Ahola [et al.] // 2018 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC). San Antonio. TX. USA. 2018. Pp. 2868–2874. URL: https://lutpub. lut.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/159886/ahola_et_al_ normalizaton-based_approach_final_draft.pdf (data obrascheniya: 25.12.2025).</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B8">
    <label>8.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Binder A., Muetze A. Scaling Effects of Inverter-Induced Bearing Currents in AC Machines. // IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, May/ June 2008. Vol. 44, no. 3. Pp. 769–776. URL: https:// www.researchgate.net/publication/3175055_Scaling_ Effects_of_Inverter-Induced_Bearing_Currents_in_ AC_Machines (дата обращения: 27.12.2025).</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Binder A., Muetze A. Scaling Effects of Inverter-Induced Bearing Currents in AC Machines. // IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, May/ June 2008. Vol. 44, no. 3. Pp. 769–776. URL: https:// www.researchgate.net/publication/3175055_Scaling_ Effects_of_Inverter-Induced_Bearing_Currents_in_ AC_Machines (data obrascheniya: 27.12.2025).</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B9">
    <label>9.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Тулупов В. Д., Слепцов М. А., Бриедис А. А. Методы повышения надежности работы подшипниковых узлов в тяговых асинхронных машинах // Вестник МЭИ. 2021. № 2. С. 60–70. URL: https://vestnik.mpei.ru/index.php/vestnik/article/ view/695 (дата обращения: 04.01.2026).</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tulupov V. D., Slepcov M. A., Briedis A. A. Metody povysheniya nadezhnosti raboty podshipnikovyh uzlov v tyagovyh asinhronnyh mashinah // Vestnik MEI. 2021. № 2. S. 60–70. URL: https://vestnik.mpei.ru/index.php/vestnik/article/ view/695 (data obrascheniya: 04.01.2026).</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B10">
    <label>10.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tawﬁq K. B., Güleç M., Sergeant P. Bearing Current and Shaft Voltage in Electrical Machines: A Comprehensive Research Review // Machines. 2023. No. 11. 550 p. URL: https://www.academia. edu/106269225/Bearing_Current_and_Shaft_Voltage_ in_Electrical_Machines_A_Comprehensive_Research_ Review (дата обращения: 04.01.2026).</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tawﬁq K. B., Güleç M., Sergeant P. Bearing Current and Shaft Voltage in Electrical Machines: A Comprehensive Research Review // Machines. 2023. No. 11. 550 p. URL: https://www.academia. edu/106269225/Bearing_Current_and_Shaft_Voltage_ in_Electrical_Machines_A_Comprehensive_Research_ Review (data obrascheniya: 04.01.2026).</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B11">
    <label>11.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Modeling of Bearing Voltage in Electric Machines Based on Electromagnetic FEA and Measured Bearing Capacitance / P. Han [et al.] // IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, Sept./Oct. 2021. Vol. 57, no. 5. Pp. 4765–4775. URL: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ document/9465698 (дата обращения: 05.01.2026).</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Modeling of Bearing Voltage in Electric Machines Based on Electromagnetic FEA and Measured Bearing Capacitance / P. Han [et al.] // IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, Sept./Oct. 2021. Vol. 57, no. 5. Pp. 4765–4775. URL: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ document/9465698 (data obrascheniya: 05.01.2026).</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B12">
    <label>12.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Furtmann A., Gerhard P. Evaluation of Oil-Film Thickness Along the Path of Contact in a Gear Mesh by Capacitance Measurement // Tribology Online. 2016. No. 11. Pp. 189–194. URL: https://www.researchgate. net/publication/301746461_Evaluation_of_Oil-Film Thickness_Along_the_Path_of_Contact_in_a_Gear_ Mesh_by_Capacitance_Measurement (дата обращения: 06.01.2026).</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Furtmann A., Gerhard P. Evaluation of Oil-Film Thickness Along the Path of Contact in a Gear Mesh by Capacitance Measurement // Tribology Online. 2016. No. 11. Pp. 189–194. URL: https://www.researchgate. net/publication/301746461_Evaluation_of_Oil-Film Thickness_Along_the_Path_of_Contact_in_a_Gear_ Mesh_by_Capacitance_Measurement (data obrascheniya: 06.01.2026).</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B13">
    <label>13.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Becker-Dombrowsky F. M., Kirchner E. Electrical Impedance Based Condition Monitoring of Machine Elements — A Systematic Review // Frontiers in Mechanical Engineering. 2024. Vol. 10.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Becker-Dombrowsky F. M., Kirchner E. Electrical Impedance Based Condition Monitoring of Machine Elements — A Systematic Review // Frontiers in Mechanical Engineering. 2024. Vol. 10.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B14">
    <label>14.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Electrical Bearing Damage, A Problem in the Nano- and Macro-Range / V. Schneider [et al.] // Lubricants. 2022. No. 10. 194 p. URL: https://www. researchgate.net/publication/362838744_Electrical_ Bearing_Damage_A_Problem_in_the_Nano-_and_Macro-Range (дата обращения: 10.01.2026).</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Electrical Bearing Damage, A Problem in the Nano- and Macro-Range / V. Schneider [et al.] // Lubricants. 2022. No. 10. 194 p. URL: https://www. researchgate.net/publication/362838744_Electrical_ Bearing_Damage_A_Problem_in_the_Nano-_and_Macro-Range (data obrascheniya: 10.01.2026).</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B15">
    <label>15.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">The Effects of PWM Voltage Source Inverters on the Mechanical Performance of Rolling Bearings / D. F. Busse [et al.] // IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, March/April 1997. Vol. 33, no. 2. Pp. 567– 576. URL: https://www.academia.edu/85626258/The_ effects_of_PWM_voltage_source_inverters_on_the_ mechanical_performance_of_rolling_bearings (дата обращения: 11.01.2026).</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">The Effects of PWM Voltage Source Inverters on the Mechanical Performance of Rolling Bearings / D. F. Busse [et al.] // IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, March/April 1997. Vol. 33, no. 2. Pp. 567– 576. URL: https://www.academia.edu/85626258/The_ effects_of_PWM_voltage_source_inverters_on_the_ mechanical_performance_of_rolling_bearings (data obrascheniya: 11.01.2026).</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B16">
    <label>16.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Короткевич С. В., Холодилов О. В. Оценка толщины смазочного слоя в подшипниках качения электрорезистивным методом // Электронная библиотека Белорусско-Российского университета. 2017. URL: http://e.biblio.bru.by/bitstream/ handle/1212121212/5056/382-388.pdf (дата обращения: 11.01.2026).</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Korotkevich S. V., Holodilov O. V. Ocenka tolschiny smazochnogo sloya v podshipnikah kacheniya elektrorezistivnym metodom // Elektronnaya biblioteka Belorussko-Rossiyskogo universiteta. 2017. URL: http://e.biblio.bru.by/bitstream/ handle/1212121212/5056/382-388.pdf (data obrascheniya: 11.01.2026).</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B17">
    <label>17.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bearing Damage Analysis by Calculation of Capacitive Coupling Between Inner and Outer Races of a Ball Bearing / J. Adabi [et al.] // 13th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference. Poznan, Poland, 2008. Pp. 903–907. URL: https://www. researchgate.net/publication/224331398_Bearing_ Damage_Analysis_by_Calculation_of_Capacitive  Coupling_between_Inner_and_Outer_Races_of_a_ Ball_Bearing (дата обращения: 11.01.2026).</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bearing Damage Analysis by Calculation of Capacitive Coupling Between Inner and Outer Races of a Ball Bearing / J. Adabi [et al.] // 13th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference. Poznan, Poland, 2008. Pp. 903–907. URL: https://www. researchgate.net/publication/224331398_Bearing_ Damage_Analysis_by_Calculation_of_Capacitive  Coupling_between_Inner_and_Outer_Races_of_a_ Ball_Bearing (data obrascheniya: 11.01.2026).</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B18">
    <label>18.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Binder A., Magdun O., Gemeinder Y. Calculation of Parasitic High Frequency Currents in Inverter-Fed AС Machines. URL: https://www.ew.tu-darmstadt.de/ media/ew/rd/ew_vortraege/100205_binder_magdun_ gemeinder.pdf (дата обращения: 12.01.2026).</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Binder A., Magdun O., Gemeinder Y. Calculation of Parasitic High Frequency Currents in Inverter-Fed AS Machines. URL: https://www.ew.tu-darmstadt.de/ media/ew/rd/ew_vortraege/100205_binder_magdun_ gemeinder.pdf (data obrascheniya: 12.01.2026).</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
  </ref-list>
 </back>
</article>
