<!DOCTYPE article
PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20190208//EN"
       "JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.4" xml:lang="en">
 <front>
  <journal-meta>
   <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Proceedings of Petersburg Transport University</journal-id>
   <journal-title-group>
    <journal-title xml:lang="en">Proceedings of Petersburg Transport University</journal-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Известия Петербургского университета путей сообщения</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </journal-title-group>
   <issn publication-format="print">1815-588X</issn>
   <issn publication-format="online">2658-6851</issn>
  </journal-meta>
  <article-meta>
   <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">65775</article-id>
   <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.20295/1815-588X-2023-2-365-375</article-id>
   <article-categories>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru">
     <subject>Современные технологии - транспорту</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en">
     <subject>HIGH TECHNOLOGIES FOR TRANSPORT</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group>
     <subject>Современные технологии - транспорту</subject>
    </subj-group>
   </article-categories>
   <title-group>
    <article-title xml:lang="en">Power Distribution of Codes with the Lowest Alphabet Redundancy Depending on the Number of Bits and Code Distance</article-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Распределение мощности кодов с наименьшей избыточностью алфавитов в зависимости от количества бит и кодового расстояния</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </title-group>
   <contrib-group content-type="authors">
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Блюдов</surname>
       <given-names>Антон Александрович</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Blyudov</surname>
       <given-names>Anton Aleksandrovich</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <bio xml:lang="ru">
      <p>кандидат технических наук;</p>
     </bio>
     <bio xml:lang="en">
      <p>candidate of technical sciences;</p>
     </bio>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Пивоваров</surname>
       <given-names>Дмитрий Вячеславович</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Pivovarov</surname>
       <given-names>Dmitry Vyacheslavovich</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <bio xml:lang="ru">
      <p>кандидат технических наук;</p>
     </bio>
     <bio xml:lang="en">
      <p>candidate of technical sciences;</p>
     </bio>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Пронин</surname>
       <given-names>Георгий Юрьевич</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Pronin</surname>
       <given-names>Georgiy Yur'evich</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <email>georgiy3pronin@gmail.com</email>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/>
    </contrib>
   </contrib-group>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-1">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Петербургский государственный университет путей сообщения Императора Александра I</institution>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Emperor Alexander I St. Petersburg State Transport University</institution>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-2">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Петербургский государственный университет путей сообщения Императора Александра I</institution>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Emperor Alexander I St. Petersburg State Transport University</institution>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-3">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Петербургский государственный университет путей сообщения Императора Александра I</institution>
     <city>Санкт-Петербург</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Emperor Alexander I St. Petersburg State Transport University</institution>
     <city>St. Petersburg</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <pub-date publication-format="print" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-06-20T00:00:00+03:00">
    <day>20</day>
    <month>06</month>
    <year>2023</year>
   </pub-date>
   <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-06-20T00:00:00+03:00">
    <day>20</day>
    <month>06</month>
    <year>2023</year>
   </pub-date>
   <volume>20</volume>
   <issue>2</issue>
   <fpage>365</fpage>
   <lpage>375</lpage>
   <history>
    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-06-20T00:00:00+03:00">
     <day>20</day>
     <month>06</month>
     <year>2023</year>
    </date>
   </history>
   <self-uri xlink:href="https://itt-pgups.ru/en/nauka/article/65775/view">https://itt-pgups.ru/en/nauka/article/65775/view</self-uri>
   <abstract xml:lang="ru">
    <p>Цель: Исследовать зависимость максимальной мощности кодов от количества разрядов и минимального кодового расстояния; найти подход к определению оптимальных правил построения контрольного вектора разделимого кода с точки зрения обеспечения минимальной избыточности при заданной достоверности передачи сообщения. Методы: Для проведения экспериментальных исследований использовалось компьютерное моделирование. Для теоретических исследований применены метод аналитического обзора, теория графов, теория кодирования. Результаты: Теоретически и экспериментально получены некоторые частные случаи распределения максимальной мощности кодовых алфавитов с заданным расстоянием Хэмминга для различных постоянных длин, полученных с помощью ранее описанного алгоритма. Предложен и описан метод удвоения мощности произвольных двоичных кодов, а также способ получения кодов с наименьшей избыточностью мощностей M = 2f, где f — натуральное число, для заранее заданного минимального кодового расстояния путем рекурсивного использования предложенного в статье метода. Практическая значимость: Выработан алгоритм удвоения мощности кодового алфавита при сохранении требуемой достоверности передачи данных. Получена методика анализа получаемых матриц кодовых векторов с целью определения правил вычисления контрольных разрядов без использования циклических алгоритмов.</p>
   </abstract>
   <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
    <p>Purpose: To investigate the dependence of the maximum power of codes on the number of digits and the minimum code distance; to find an approach to determine the optimal rules for constructing the check vector of a separable code from the point of view of ensuring minimal redundancy with a given reliability of message transmission. Methods: Computer simulation has been used to conduct experimental studies. For theoretical studies, the method of analytical review, graph theory, and coding theory have been applied. Results: Theoretical and experimental studies have obtained certain specific cases of power distribution for code alphabets with a given Hamming distance for various constant lengths, generated using the previously described algorithm. A method for doubling the power of arbitrary binary codes is proposed and described, as well as a method for obtaining codes with the least redundancy of powers M=2f, where f is a natural number for a predetermined minimum code distance by recursively using the method proposed in the article. Practical significance: An algorithm has been developed for doubling the power of the code alphabet while maintaining the required reliability of data transmission. A technique for analyzing the resulting matrices of code vectors is obtained in order to determine the rules for calculating check bits without using cyclic algorithms.</p>
   </trans-abstract>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
    <kwd>Помехозащитное кодирование</kwd>
    <kwd>коды с наименьшей избыточностью</kwd>
    <kwd>кодовый алфавит</kwd>
    <kwd>кодовое слово</kwd>
    <kwd>расстояние Хэмминга</kwd>
    <kwd>разделимые коды</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
    <kwd>Anti-jamming coding</kwd>
    <kwd>least redundant codes</kwd>
    <kwd>code alphabet</kwd>
    <kwd>code word</kwd>
    <kwd>Hamming distance</kwd>
    <kwd>separable codes</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
  </article-meta>
 </front>
 <body>
  <p></p>
 </body>
 <back>
  <ref-list>
   <ref id="B1">
    <label>1.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hamming R. W. Error detecting and error correcting codes / R. W. Hamming // The Bell system technical journal. - 1950. - Vol. 29. - Iss. 2. - DOI: 10.1002/j.1538-7305.1950.tb00463.x.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hamming R. W. Error detecting and error correcting codes / R. W. Hamming // The Bell system technical journal. - 1950. - Vol. 29. - Iss. 2. - DOI: 10.1002/j.1538-7305.1950.tb00463.x.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B2">
    <label>2.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Пронин Г. Ю. Алгоритм генерации условно оптимальных кодов / Г. Ю. Пронин, Е. А. Волков, Ю. В. Иванов и др. // Транспорт: проблемы, идеи, перспективы. - 2022. - № 2. - С. 96-98.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pronin G. Yu. Algoritm generacii uslovno optimal'nyh kodov / G. Yu. Pronin, E. A. Volkov, Yu. V. Ivanov i dr. // Transport: problemy, idei, perspektivy. - 2022. - № 2. - S. 96-98.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B3">
    <label>3.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Manoj S. G. Diagonal Hamming Based Multi-Bit Error Detection and Correction Technique for Memories / S. G. Manoj, A. K. Mohan, N. L. Sri Ganesh et al. // International Conference on Communication and Signal Processing. - July 28-30, 2020. - DOI: 10.1109/ICCSP48568.2020.9182249.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Manoj S. G. Diagonal Hamming Based Multi-Bit Error Detection and Correction Technique for Memories / S. G. Manoj, A. K. Mohan, N. L. Sri Ganesh et al. // International Conference on Communication and Signal Processing. - July 28-30, 2020. - DOI: 10.1109/ICCSP48568.2020.9182249.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B4">
    <label>4.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Van W. J. Effectiveness of Hamming Single Error Correction Codes Under Harsh Electromagnetic Disturbances / W. J. Van, J. Lannoo, J. Vankeirsbilck et al. // International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility. - August 27-30, 2018. - DOI: 10.1109/EMCEurope.2018.8485176.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Van W. J. Effectiveness of Hamming Single Error Correction Codes Under Harsh Electromagnetic Disturbances / W. J. Van, J. Lannoo, J. Vankeirsbilck et al. // International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility. - August 27-30, 2018. - DOI: 10.1109/EMCEurope.2018.8485176.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B5">
    <label>5.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tshagharyan G. Experimental Study on Hamming and Hsiao Codes in the Context of Embedded Applications / G. Tshagharyan, G. Hatutyunyan, S. Shoukourian et al. // Proceedings of 15th IEEE East-West Design &amp; Test Symposium (EWDTS’2017), Novi Sad, Serbia, September 29 - October 2, 2017.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tshagharyan G. Experimental Study on Hamming and Hsiao Codes in the Context of Embedded Applications / G. Tshagharyan, G. Hatutyunyan, S. Shoukourian et al. // Proceedings of 15th IEEE East-West Design &amp; Test Symposium (EWDTS’2017), Novi Sad, Serbia, September 29 - October 2, 2017.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B6">
    <label>6.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Musayelyan R. Hamming Distance Based Data Correction Combined With Low Power XOR Circuit / R. Musayelyan // Proceedings of 19th IEEE East-West Design &amp; Test Symposium (EWDTS’2021), Batumi, Georgia, September 10-13, 2021.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Musayelyan R. Hamming Distance Based Data Correction Combined With Low Power XOR Circuit / R. Musayelyan // Proceedings of 19th IEEE East-West Design &amp; Test Symposium (EWDTS’2021), Batumi, Georgia, September 10-13, 2021.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B7">
    <label>7.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sridevi N. Implementation of Error Correction Techniques in Memory Applications / N. Sridevi, K. Jamal, K. Mannem // 5th International Conference on Computing Methodologies and Communication. - April 8-10, 2021. - DOI: 10.1109/ICCMC51019.2021.9418432.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sridevi N. Implementation of Error Correction Techniques in Memory Applications / N. Sridevi, K. Jamal, K. Mannem // 5th International Conference on Computing Methodologies and Communication. - April 8-10, 2021. - DOI: 10.1109/ICCMC51019.2021.9418432.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B8">
    <label>8.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tolentino L. K. S. Overhead Interspersing of Redundancy Bits Reduction Algorithm by Enhanced Error Detection Correction Code / L. K. S. Tolentino, I. C. Valenzuela, R. O. Serfa Juan // Journal of Engineering Science &amp; Technology Review. - 2019. - Т. 12. - Iss. 2.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tolentino L. K. S. Overhead Interspersing of Redundancy Bits Reduction Algorithm by Enhanced Error Detection Correction Code / L. K. S. Tolentino, I. C. Valenzuela, R. O. Serfa Juan // Journal of Engineering Science &amp; Technology Review. - 2019. - T. 12. - Iss. 2.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B9">
    <label>9.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shahariar Parvez A. H. M. Design and implementation of hamming encoder and decoder over FPGA / A. H. M. Shahariar Parvez et al. // International Conference on Computer Networks and Communication Technologies: ICCNCT 2018. - Springer Singapore, 2019. - Pp. 1005-1022.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shahariar Parvez A. H. M. Design and implementation of hamming encoder and decoder over FPGA / A. H. M. Shahariar Parvez et al. // International Conference on Computer Networks and Communication Technologies: ICCNCT 2018. - Springer Singapore, 2019. - Pp. 1005-1022.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B10">
    <label>10.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Panem C. Polynomials in Error Detection and Correction in Data Communication System / C. Panem, V. Gad, R. Gad // Coding Theory. - 2019. - P. 29.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Panem C. Polynomials in Error Detection and Correction in Data Communication System / C. Panem, V. Gad, R. Gad // Coding Theory. - 2019. - P. 29.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
  </ref-list>
 </back>
</article>
