Russian University of Transport (MIIT) (Department of Automation, Remote Control and Communication on Railway Transport, Professor)
«Scientific Research and Design Institute «Transport and Construction Safety» LLC (General Director Deputy on Scientific Research Work)
Tashkent State Transport University (Department of Automation and Remote Control, Professor)
Russian Federation
UDK 681.518.5 Системы автоматического контроля и технической диагностики
The computation control specific features at the outputs of finite state machines blocks using weight-based sum codes and the properties of self-dual and ‘close’ to them self-quasidual Boolean functions are described. The calculation control is proposed to be structured using several diagnostic parameters based on the principle of Boolean correction of signals from the tested object. An algorithm for additional definition of Boolean correction functions used at the stage of designing a self-check discrete device has been developed. The algorithm is based on two diagnostic properties that is: 1) Each Boolean vector at the output of the signal correction block in the embedded control circuit must belong to the set of code words of the weight-based sum code; 2) Each function describing the order of Boolean vectors formed at the outputs of the signal correction block must be self-quasidual. The proposed algorithm allows synthesizing a vast number of embedded control circuits with different performance parameters. Their practical use makes it possible to choose the best variation of the embedded control circuit according to one or another criterion. Different versions of building embedded control circuits have been estimated for a given number of inputs and outputs of the tested object. The proposed method is universal and can be used in combination with random uniform block codes. This, however, will require taking into account the code properties to ensure the generation of inspection tests for the embedded control circuit elements during the self-checking device operation. The results obtained can be used in synthesizing fault detection discrete devices.
self-checking discrete devices; self-checking finite state machine; embedded control circuit; weighted sum code; self-dual Boolean function; self-quasidual Boolean function; logical signal correction to self-quasidual ones; calculation control based on two diagnostic properties
1. Parhomenko P. P. Osnovy tehnicheskoy diagnostiki (optimizaciya algoritmov diagnostirovaniya, appara- turnye sredstva) / P. P. Parhomenko, E. S. Sogomonyan. — M.: Energoatomizdat, 1981. — 320 s.
2. Sogomonyan E. S. Samoproveryaemye ustroystva i otka- zoustoychivye sistemy / E. S. Sogomonyan, E. V. Sla- bakov. — M.: Radio i svyaz', 1989. — 208 s.
3. Mikoni S. V. Obschie diagnosticheskie bazy znaniy vychislitel'nyh sistem / S. V. Mikoni. — SPb.: Sankt- Peterburgskiy institut informatiki i avtomatizacii, 1992. — 234 s.
4. Abramovici M. Digital System Testing and Testable Design / M. Abramovici, M. A. Breuer, A. D. Friedman. — New Jersey: IEEE Press, 1998. — 652 p.
5. Lancov V. N. Sovremennye podhody k proektirovaniyu i testirovaniyu integral'nyh mikroshem / V. N. Lancov, S. G. Mosin. — Vladimir: Izdatel'stvo Vladimirskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, 2010. — 285 s.
6. Dubrova E. Fault-Tolerant Design / E. Dubrova. — N. Y.: Springer Science + Business Media, 2013. — XV+185 p. — DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-2113-9.
7. Drozd A. V. Rabochee diagnostirovanie bezopasnyh informacionno-upravlyayuschih sistem / A. V. Drozd, V. S. Harchenko, S. G. Antoschuk [i dr.]; pod red. A. V. Drozda, V. S. Harchenko. — Har'kov: Nacional'nyy aerokosmi- cheskiy universitet im. N. E. Zhukovskogo «HAI», 2012. — 614 s.
8. Ubar R. Structural Decision Diagrams in Digital Test: Theory and Applications / R. Ubar, J. Raik, M. Jenihhin, A. Jutman. — Springer Nature Switzerland AG, 2024. — XIII+595 p. — DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-44734-1.
9. Sahana A. R. Application of Error Detection and Correction Techniques to Self-Checking VLSI Systems: An Overview / A. R. Sahana, V. Chiraag, G. Suresh, R. Thejaswini, S. Nandi // Proceedings of 2023 IEEE Guwahati Subsection Confe- rence (GCON). — Guwahati. — 2023. — DOI: 10.1109/ GCON58516.2023.10183449.
10. Chioktour V. Adaptive BIST for Concurrent On-Line Testing on Combinational Circuits / V. Chioktour, A. Kakaroun- tas // Electronics. — 2022. — Vol. 19. — Issue 11. — Pp. 1–20. — DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11193193.
11. Göessel M. New Methods of Concurrent Checking: Edition 1 / M. Göessel, V. Ocheretny, E. Sogomonyan, D. Marienfeld. — Dordrecht: Springer Science+Business Media B.V., 2008. — 184 p.
12. Sapozhnikov Vl. V. Organizaciya funkcional'nogo kon- trolya kombinacionnyh shem metodom logicheskogodopolneniya / Vl. V. Sapozhnikov, V. V. Sapozhnikov, A. V. Dmitriev, A. V. Morozov, M. Gessel' // Elektronnoe modelirovanie. — 2002. — T. 24. — № 6. — S. 52–66.
13. Gessel' M. Logicheskoe dopolnenie — novyy metod kon- trolya kombinacionnyh shem / M. Gessel', A. V. Morozov, V. V. Sapozhnikov, Vl. V. Sapozhnikov // Avtomatika i telemehanika. — 2003. — № 1. — S. 167–176.
14. Yablonskiy S. V. Funkcii algebry logiki i klassy Posta / S. V. Yablonskiy, G. P. Gavrilov, V. B. Kudryavcev. — M.: Nauka, 1966. — 120 s.
15. Shalyto A. A. Logicheskoe upravlenie. Metody apparat- noy i programmnoy realizacii / A. A. Shalyto. — SPb.: Nauka, 2000. — 780 c.
16. Reynolds D. A. Fault Detection Capabilities of Alternating Logic / D. A. Reynolds, G. Meize // IEEE Transactions on Computers. — 1978. — Vol. C-27. — Issue 12. — Pp. 1093– 1098. — DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TC.1978.1675011.
17. Aksenova G. P. Vosstanovlenie v dublirovannyh ustroy- stvah metodom invertirovaniya dannyh / G. P. Akse- nova // Avtomatika i telemehanika. — 1987. — № 10. — S. 144–153.
18. Saposhnikov Vl. V. Self-Dual Parity Checking — a New Method for on Line Testing / Vl. V. Saposhnikov, A. Dmitriev, M. Goessel, V. V. Saposhnikov // Proceedings of 14th IEEE VLSI Test Symposium. — USA, Princeton, 1996. — Rp. 162–168.
19. Gessel' M. Samotestiruemaya struktura dlya funkcio- nal'nogo obnaruzheniya otkazov v kombinacionnyh she- mah / M. Gessel', A. V. Dmitriev, V. V. Sapozhnikov, Vl. V. Sapozhnikov // Avtomatika i telemehanika. — 1999. — № 11. – S. 162–174.
20. Gessel' M. Obnaruzhenie neispravnostey v kombinaci- onnyh shemah s pomosch'yu samodvoystvennogo kontro- lya / M. Gessel', A. V. Dmitriev, V. V. Sapozhnikov, Vl. V. Sapozhnikov // Avtomatika i telemehanika. — 2000. — № 7. — S. 140–149.
21. Sapozhnikov V. V. Samodvoystvennye diskretnye ustroystva / V. V. Sapozhnikov, Vl. V. Sapozhnikov, M. Gessel'. — SPb: Energoatomizdat (Sankt-Peterburg- skoe otdelenie), 2001. — 331 s.
22. Sapozhnikov V. V. O sinteze samodvoystvennyh logiche- skih shem s pamyat'yu / V. V. Sapozhnikov, Vl. V. Sapozh- nikov, R. Sh. Valiev // Elektronnoe modelirovanie. — 2004. — T. 26. — № 2. — S. 39–57.
23. Sapozhnikov V. V. Sintez samodvoystvennyh diskret- nyh sistem / V. V. Sapozhnikov, Vl. V. Sapozhnikov, R. Sh. Valiev. — SPb: Elmor, 2006. — 220 s.
24. Gessel' M. Postroenie samoproveryaemyh kombinaci- onnyh shem na osnove svoystv samodvoystvennyh funkciy / M. Gessel', A. A. Morozov, V. V. Sapozhnikov, Vl. V. Sapozhnikov // Avtomatika i telemehanika. — 2000. — № 2. — S. 151–163.
25. Efanov D. Self-Dual Complement Method up to Constant- Weight Codes for Arrangement of Combinational Logical Circuits Concurrent Error-Detection Systems / D. Efanov, V. Sapozhnikov, Vl. Sapozhnikov Vl., G. Osadchy, D. Pivovarov // Proceedings of 17th IEEE East-West Design & Test Symposium (EWDTS’2019). — Batumi, Georgia. — September 13–16, 2019. — Rp. 136–143. — DOI: 10.1109/ EWDTS.2019.8884398.
26. Efanov D. V. Obnaruzhenie neispravnostey v kombinacionnyh shemah na osnove samodvoystvennogo dopolneniya do ravnovesnyh kodov / D. V. Efanov, V. V. Sapozh- nikov, Vl. V. Sapozhnikov, D. V. Pivovarov // Trudy Instituta sistemnogo programmirovaniya RAN. — 2019. — T. 31. — № 1. — S. 115–132. — DOI: 10.15514/ ISPRAS-2019-31(1)-8.
27. Efanov D. V. Issledovanie svoystv samodvoystvennyh kombinacionnyh ustroystv s kontrolem vychisleniy na osnove kodov Hemminga / D. V. Efanov, T. S. Pogodina // Informatika i avtomatizaciya. — 2023. — T. 22. — № 2. — C. 349–392. — DOI:https://doi.org/10.15622/ia.22.2.5.
28. Efanov D. V. Samodvoystvennye cifrovye ustroystva s kontrolem vychisleniy po kodam Syao / D. V. Efanov, T. S. Pogodina // Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Upravlenie, vychislitel'naya tehnika i informatika. — 2023. — № 63. — S. 118–136. — DOI:https://doi.org/10.17223/19988605/63/14.
29. Gessel' M. Obnaruzhenie neispravnostey v samopro veryaemyh kombinacionnyh shemah s ispol'zovaniem svoystv samodvoystvennyh funkciy / M. Gessel', V. I. Moshanin, V. V. Sapozhnikov, Vl. V. Sapozhnikov // Avtomatika i telemehanika. — 1997. — № 12. — S. 193– 200.
30. Yablonskiy S. V. Vvedenie v diskretnuyu matematiku: ucheb. posobie / S. V. Yablonskiy; pod red. V. A. Sadovnicheva. — 4-e izd., ster. — M.: Vysshaya shkola, 2003. — 384 s.
31. Efanov D. V. Osobennosti realizacii samoproveryaemyh struktur na osnove metoda invertirovaniya dannyh i lineynyh kodov / D. V. Efanov // Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Upravlenie, vychisli- tel'naya tehnika i informatika. — 2023. — № 65. — S. 126–138. — DOI: https://doi.org/10.17223/19988605/65/13.
32. Sapozhnikov V. V. Metody sinteza nadezhnyh avtomatov / V. V. Sapozhnikov, Vl. V. Sapozhnikov. — L.:
33. Sapozhnikov V. V. Diskretnye avtomaty s obnaruzheni em otkazov / V. V. Sapozhnikov, Vl. V. Sapozhnikov. — L.: Energoatomizdat. Leningradskoe otdelenie, 1984. — 112 s.
34. Berger J. M. A Note on Error Detection Codes for Asymme- tric Channels / J. M. Berger // Information and Control. — 1961. — Vol. 4. — Issue 1. — Pp. 68–73. — DOI: 10.1016/ S0019-9958(61)80037-5.
35. The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences: Elektronnyy resurs. — Rezhim dostupa: URL: https:// oeis.org. — (data obrascheniya — 23.01.2025).
36. Berger J. M. A Note on Burst Detection Sum Codes / J. M. Berger // Information and Control. — 1961. — Vol. 4. — Issue 2–3. — Pp. 297–299. — DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0019- 9958(61)80024-7.
37. Das D. Weight-Based Codes and Their Application to Concurrent Error Detection of Multilevel Circuits / D. Das, N. A. Touba // Proceedings of 17th IEEE Test Symposium. — California, USA, 1999. — Pp. 370–376. — DOI: 10.1109/ VTEST.1999.766691.
38. Dmitriev V. V. O dvuh sposobah vzveshivaniya i ih vliyanii na svoystva kodov s summirovaniem vzveshennyh pere- hodov v sistemah funkcional'nogo kontrolya logicheskih shem / V. V. Dmitriev // Izvestiya Peterburgskogo univer- siteta putey soobscheniya. — 2015. — № 3. — S. 119–129.
39. Sapozhnikov V. V. Vzveshennye kody s summirovaniem dlya organizacii kontrolya logicheskih ustroystv / V. V. Sapozhnikov, Vl. V. Sapozhnikov, D. V. Efanov // Elektronnoe modelirovanie. — 2014. — T. 36. — № 1. — S. 59–80.
40. Efanov D. V. Using Codes with Summation of Weighted Bits to Organize Checking of Combinational Logical Devices / D. V. Efanov, V. V. Sapozhnikov, Vl. V. Sapozhnikov // Automatic Control and Computer Sciences. — 2019. — Vol. 53. — Issue 1. — Pp. 1–11. — DOI: 10.3103/ S0146411619010061.
41. Efanov D. V. Modul'nye kody s summirovaniem s posle- dovatel'nost'yu vesovyh koefficientov, obrazuyuschey natural'nyy ryad chisel za isklyucheniem stepeney dvoyki / D. V. Efanov, E. I. Elina // Avtomatika na trans- porte. — 2024. — T. 10. — № 3. — S. 296–330. — DOI: https://doi.org/10.20295/2412-9186-2024-10-03-296-330.
42. Das D. Cost Concurrent Error Detection Based on Modulo Weight-Based Codes / D. Das, N. A. Touba, M. Seuring, M. Gossel // Proceedings of the IEEE 6th International On-Line Testing Workshop (IOLTW). — Spain, Palma de Mallorca. — July 3–5, 2000. — Rp. 171–176. — doi: 10.1109/ OLT.2000.856633.
43. Sapozhnikov V. V. Samoproveryaemye diskretnyeustroy- stva / V. V. Sapozhnikov, Vl. V. Sapozhnikov. — SPb: Energoatomizdat, 1992. — 224 s.
44. Sapozhnikov V. V. Kody s summirovaniem dlya sistem tehnicheskogo diagnostirovaniya. T. 1: Klassicheskie kody Bergera i ih modifikacii / V. V. Sapozhnikov, Vl. V. Sapozhnikov, D. V. Efanov. — M.: Nauka, 2020. — 383 s.
45. Sapozhnikov V. V. Kody s summirovaniem dlya sistem tehnicheskogo diagnostirovaniya. T. 2: Vzveshennye kody s summirovaniem / V. V. Sapozhnikov, Vl. V. Sapozhnikov, D. V. Efanov. — M.: Nauka, 2021. — 455 s.
46. Karibskiy V. V. Osnovy tehnicheskoy diagnostiki: v 2-h kn. Kn. I. Modeli ob'ektov, metody i algoritmy diagnoza / V. V. Karibskiy, A. A. Parhomenko, E. S. Sogo- monyan, V. F. Halchev; pod red. P. P. Parhomenko. — M.: Energiya, 1976. — 464 s.
47. Sapozhnikov V. V. Osnovy tehnicheskoy diagnostiki / V. V. Sapozhnikov, Vl. V. Sapozhnikov. — M.: Marshrut, 2004. — 318 s.
48. Lala P. K. Self-Checking and Fault-Tolerant Digital Design / R. K. Lala. — San Francisco: Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, 2001. — 216 p.
49. Dmitriev A. New Self-Dual Circuits for Error Detection and Testing / A. Dmitriev, V. Saposhnikov, V. Saposhnikov, M. Goessel // VLSI Design. — 2000. — Vol. 11. — Issue 1. — Pp. 1-21. — DOI:https://doi.org/10.1155/2000/84720.
50. Efanov D. V. Testery samodvoystvennyh i «blizkih» k nim signalov / D. V. Efanov, D. V. Pivovarov // Izvestiya vysshih uchebnyh zavedeniy. Priborostroenie. — 2024. — T. 67. — № 1. — S. 5–19. — DOI:https://doi.org/10.17586/0021- 3454-2024-67-1-5-19.
51. Carter W. C. Self-Checking Error Checker for Two-Rail Coded Data / W. C. Carter, K. A. Duke, P. R. Schneider // United States Patent Office. filed July 25, 1968. Ser. 747533, patented Jan. 26. — N. Y., 1971. — 10 p.
52. Efanov D. V. Method for Testing Combinational Circuits by Multiple Diagnostic Features Using Weight-Based Sum Codes Properties / D. V. Efanov, D. V. Pivovarov, Vissio N. Cortegoso, A. O. Kuptsov, D. E. Egorov // Automation. — 2025. — Vol. 6. — Issue 1. — Pp. 1–20. — DOI: 10.3390/ automation6010006.
53. Saposhnikov V. New Code for Fault Detection in Logic Circuits / V. Saposhnikov, Vl. Saposhnikov Vl. // Proceedings of 4th International Conference on Unconventional Electromechanical and Electrical Systems. — St. Petersburg, Russia. — June 21–24. — 1999. — Rp. 693–696.
54. Mehov V. B. Kontrol' kombinacionnyh shem na osnove modificirovannyh kodov s summirovaniem / V. B. Mehov, V. V. Sapozhnikov, Vl. V. Sapozhnikov // Avtomatika itelemehanika. — 2008. — № 8. — S. 153–165.
55. Aksenova G. P. Neobhodimye i dostatochnye usloviya postroeniya polnost'yu proveryaemyh shem svertki po modulyu 2 / G. P. Aksenova // Avtomatika i telemehani- ka. — 1979. — № 9. — S. 126–135.
56. Zakrevskiy A. D. Logicheskie osnovy proektirovaniya diskretnyh ustroystv / A. D. Zakrevskiy, Yu. V. Pottosin, L. D. Cheremisinova. — M.: Fizmatlit, 2007. — 592 s.
57. Efanov D. V. Sintez samoproveryaemyh cifrovyh ustroystv na osnove logicheskoy korrekcii signalov s primeneniem vzveshennyh kodov Bouza–Lina / D. V. Efanov, E. I. Elina // Problemy upravleniya. — 2024. — № 4. — S. 26–43. — DOI: http://doi.org/10.25728/ pu.2024.4.3.
58. Grehem R. L. Konkretnaya matematika. Matematicheskie osnovy informatiki: per. s angl. / R. L. Grehem, D. E. Knut, O. Patashnik. — 2-e izd. — M.: Vil'yams, 2017. — 784 s.
59. Sapozhnikov V. V. Novye struktury sistem funkcional'- nogo kontrolya logicheskih shem / V. V. Sapozhnikov, Vl. V. Sapozhnikov, D. V. Efanov, V. V. Dmitriev // Avtomatika itelemehanika. — 2017. — № 2. — S. 127–143.
60. Drozd A. Checkability of the Digital Components in Safety- Critical Systems: Problems and Solutions / A. Drozd, V. Kharchenko, S. Antoshchuk, J. Sulima, M. Drozd // Proceedings of 9th IEEE East-West Design & Test Symposium (EWDTS’2011). — Sevastopol, Ukraine. — 2011. — Pp. 411– 416. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/EWDTS.2011.6116606. 61. Drozd O. Hidden Fault Analysis of FPGA Projects for Critical Applications / O. Drozd, I. Perebeinos, O. Martynyuk, K. Zashcholkin, O. Ivanova, M. Drozd // Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Advanced Trends in Radioelectronics, Telecommunications and Computer Engineering (TCSET). — 25–29 February, 2020. — Lviv- Slavsko, Ukraine. — P. 142. — DOI:https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSET49122. 2020.235591.
61. Sapozhnikov Vl. V. Sintez sistem upravleniya dvizheniem poezdov na zheleznodorozhnyh stanciyah s isklyucheniem opasnyh otkazov / Vl. V. Sapozhnikov. — M.: Nauka, 2021. — 229 s.
